JavaScript Numbers
JavaScript has only one type of number.
Numbers can be written with or without decimals.
Example
let x = 3.14; // A number with decimals
let y = 3; // A number without decimals
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Yourself »
Extra large or extra small numbers can be written with scientific (exponent) notation:
Example
let x = 123e5; // 12300000
let y = 123e-5; // 0.00123
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Yourself »
JavaScript Numbers are Always 64-bit Floating Point
Unlike many other programming languages,
JavaScript does not define different types of numbers, like integers, short, long,
floating-point etc.
JavaScript numbers are always stored as double precision floating point
numbers, following the international IEEE 754 standard. This format
stores numbers in 64 bits, where the number (the fraction) is stored in bits 0
to 51, the exponent in bits 52 to 62, and the sign in bit 63:
Value (aka Fraction/Mantissa)
Exponent
Sign
52 bits (0 - 51)
11 bits (52 - 62)
1 bit (63)
Integer Precision
Integers (numbers without a period or exponent notation) are accurate up to 15 digits.
Example
let x = 999999999999999; // x will be 999999999999999
let y = 9999999999999999; // y will be 10000000000000000
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The maximum number of decimals is 17.
Floating Precision
Floating point arithmetic is not always 100% accurate:
let x = 0.2 + 0.1;
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Yourself »
To solve the problem above, it helps to multiply and divide:
let x = (0.2 * 10 + 0.1 * 10) / 10;
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Adding Numbers and Strings
WARNING !!
JavaScript uses the + operator for both addition and concatenation.
Numbers are added. Strings are concatenated.
If you add two numbers, the result will be a number:
Example
let x = 10;
let y = 20;
let z = x + y;
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If you add two strings, the result will be a string concatenation:
Example
let x = "10";
let y = "20";
let z = x + y;
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If you add a number and a string, the result will be a string concatenation:
Example
let x = 10;
let y = "20";
let z = x + y;
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If you add a string and a number, the result will be a string concatenation:
Example
let x = "10";
let y = 20;
let z = x + y;
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A common mistake is to expect this result to be 30:
Example
let x = 10;
let y = 20;
let z = "The result is: " + x + y;
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A common mistake is to expect this result to be 102030:
Example
let x = 10;
let y = 20;
let z = "30";
let result = x + y + z;
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The JavaScript interpreter works from left to right.
First 10 + 20 is added because x and y are both numbers.
Then 30 + "30" is concatenated because z is a string.
Numeric Strings
JavaScript strings can have numeric content:
let x = 100; // x is a number
let y = "100"; // y is a
string
JavaScript will try to convert strings to numbers in all numeric operations:
This will work:
let x = "100";
let y = "10";
let z = x / y;
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This will also work:
let x = "100";
let y = "10";
let z = x * y;
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And this will work:
let x = "100";
let y = "10";
let z = x - y;
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But this will not work:
let x = "100";
let y = "10";
let z = x + y;
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In the last example JavaScript uses the + operator to concatenate the strings.
NaN - Not a Number
NaN is a JavaScript reserved word indicating that a number is not a legal number.
Trying to do arithmetic with a non-numeric string will result in NaN (Not a
Number):
Example
let x = 100 / "Apple";
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However, if the string is numeric, the result will be a
number:
Example
let x = 100 / "10";
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You can use the global JavaScript function isNaN()
to find out if a value is a not a number:
Example
let x = 100 / "Apple";isNaN(x);
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Watch out for NaN. If you use NaN in a mathematical operation, the result will also be NaN:
Example
let x = NaN;
let y = 5;
let z = x + y;
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Or the result might be a concatenation like NaN5:
Example
let x = NaN;
let y = "5";
let z = x + y;
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NaN is a number: typeof NaN returns number:
Example
typeof NaN;
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Infinity
Infinity (or -Infinity) is the value JavaScript will return if you calculate a number outside the largest
possible number.
Example
let myNumber = 2;
// Execute until Infinity
while (myNumber != Infinity) {
myNumber = myNumber * myNumber;}
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it Yourself »
Division by 0 (zero) also generates Infinity:
Example
let x = 2 / 0;
let y = -2 / 0;
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Infinity is a number: typeof Infinity returns number.
Example
typeof Infinity;
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Hexadecimal
JavaScript interprets numeric constants as hexadecimal if they are preceded by
0x.
Example
let x = 0xFF;
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Never write a number with a leading zero (like 07).Some JavaScript versions interpret
numbers as octal if they are written with a leading zero.
By default, JavaScript displays numbers as base 10 decimals.
But you can use the toString() method to output numbers from base 2
to base 36.
Hexadecimal is base 16. Decimal is base 10.
Octal is base 8. Binary is base 2.
Example
let myNumber = 32;
myNumber.toString(32);
myNumber.toString(16);
myNumber.toString(12);
myNumber.toString(10);
myNumber.toString(8);
myNumber.toString(2);
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JavaScript Numbers as Objects
Normally JavaScript numbers are primitive values created from literals:
let x = 123;
But numbers can also be defined as objects with the keyword new:
let y = new Number(123);
Example
let x = 123;
let y = new Number(123);
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it Yourself »
Do not create Number objects.
The new keyword complicates the code and slows down execution speed.
Number Objects can produce unexpected results:
When using the == operator, x and y are equal:
let x = 500;
let y = new Number(500);
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When using the === operator, x and y are not equal.
let x = 500;
let y = new Number(500);
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Note the difference between (x==y) and (x===y).
(x == y) true or false?
let x = new Number(500);
let y = new Number(500);
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(x === y) true or false?
let x = new Number(500);
let y = new Number(500);
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Comparing two JavaScript objects always returns false.
Complete JavaScript Number Reference
For a complete Number reference, visit our:
Complete JavaScript Number Reference.
The reference contains descriptions and examples of all Number properties and methods.
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Reference: https://www.w3schools.com/js/js_numbers.asp